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1
What’s inside the Titanic?
What’s inside the Titanic?
2
An Engineering Approach: Why did the Titanic sink? [1]
An Engineering Approach: Why did the Titanic sink? [1]
3
Testing Shows Titanic Steel Was Brittle [2]
Testing Shows Titanic Steel Was Brittle [2]
4
Flawed Steel Research Finds Steel Used In Titanic Was High In Sulfur And Prone To Fracturing At Temperatures Of Icy Seawater [3]
Flawed Steel Research Finds Steel Used In Titanic Was High In Sulfur And Prone To Fracturing At Temperatures Of Icy Seawater [3]
5
The Steel that Sank the Titanic [4]
The Steel that Sank the Titanic [4]
6
Titanic’s “Brittle” Steel? [5]
Titanic’s “Brittle” Steel? [5]
7
Wikipedia [6]
Wikipedia [6]
8
Steel of the Titanic [7]
Steel of the Titanic [7]
9
Why Did the Titanic Sink? (Scientific Reasons) [8]
Why Did the Titanic Sink? (Scientific Reasons) [8]
10
Flawed Steel Research Finds Steel Used In Titanic Was High In Sulfur And Prone To Fracturing At Temperatures Of Icy Seawater [9]
Flawed Steel Research Finds Steel Used In Titanic Was High In Sulfur And Prone To Fracturing At Temperatures Of Icy Seawater [9]
11
From the drawing board to the sea: how and where was Titanic built? [10]
From the drawing board to the sea: how and where was Titanic built? [10]
12
History of RMS Titanic [11]
History of RMS Titanic [11]
13
Building the Titanic [12]
Building the Titanic [12]
14
How was Titanic built? [13]
How was Titanic built? [13]
15
The History Press [14]
The History Press [14]
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Titanic Construction & Design Information [15]
Titanic Construction & Design Information [15]
17
Titanic | History, Sinking, Rescue, Survivors, Movies, & Facts [16]
Titanic | History, Sinking, Rescue, Survivors, Movies, & Facts [16]
18
NIST Reveals How Tiny Rivets Doomed a Titanic Vessel [17]
NIST Reveals How Tiny Rivets Doomed a Titanic Vessel [17]
19
Titanic by the Numbers: From Construction to Disaster to Discovery [18]
Titanic by the Numbers: From Construction to Disaster to Discovery [18]
20
R.M.S Titanic – History and Significance [19]
R.M.S Titanic – History and Significance [19]
21
You know how it sank. How was the Titanic dreamed up? [20]
You know how it sank. How was the Titanic dreamed up? [20]
22
3 reasons why the Titanic will never be raised [21]
3 reasons why the Titanic will never be raised [21]
23
Sources
Sources
What’s inside the Titanic?
What’s inside the Titanic?
What’s inside the Titanic?
An Engineering Approach: Why did the Titanic sink? [1]
As soon as the waves of the North Atlantic closed over the stern of RMS Titanic on 15 April 1912, the myths began surrounding her design, construction and transatlantic voyage. The Titanic disaster today is a classic tale, a modern folk story, but like all folk stories, our understanding of what really happened has been clouded by the way the disaster has been recounted over the years.It was said that the builders and owners of Titanic claimed she was ‘unsinkable’
This article tries to explain material and design failures that caused the rapid sinking of Titanic.. Titanic collided with a massive iceberg and sank in less than three hours
At the time, more than 2200 passengers and crew were aboard the Titanic for her maiden voyage to the United States. According to the builders of the Titanic, even in the worst possible accident at sea, the ship should have stayed afloat for two to three days.
Testing Shows Titanic Steel Was Brittle [2]
Recent tests of steel from the Titanic reveal that the metal was much more brittle than modern steel but the best available at the time, a metallurgical engineering professor at the University of Missouri-Rolla says in a paper to be published in the January 1998 issue of Journal of Metals.. The steel used to build the Titanic was not as “impact-resistant” as modern steel, according to Dr
But it was the best steel available at the time, says Leighly, who studied some 200 pounds of steel from the wreckage.. Leighly’s paper, co-authored by UMR metallurgical engineering student Katie Felkins, will appear in the January 1998 issue of Journal of Metals, the publication of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers.
Other factors — such as flaws in the ship’s design, the crew’s negligence and the lack of lifeboats — also contributed to the disaster, Leighly says.. “The naval architects can point their fingers and say, ‘It was bad steel’” that caused the Titanic to sink, Leighly says
Flawed Steel Research Finds Steel Used In Titanic Was High In Sulfur And Prone To Fracturing At Temperatures Of Icy Seawater [3]
Flawed Steel Research Finds Steel Used In Titanic Was High In Sulfur And Prone To Fracturing At Temperatures Of Icy Seawater. As managing director and head of the design department of the British ship-building company Harland and Wolff, he oversaw the construction of the Titanic, then the world’s largest passenger ship, in 1912
on April 15, 1912, two hours and 40 minutes after hitting an iceberg, the Titanic sank, taking 1,517 men, women and children with it. The last anyone could recall, Andrews was sitting in the first-class smoking room, gazing off into space as if in total disbelief at what was happening.
Last month at a meeting of the Chesapeake Section of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers in Arlington, Va., a scientific report based on five years of research on the Titanic was presented. It gave new evidence that the steel used in the ship’s construction, as well as that used on other large ships of the day, was particularly high in sulfur.
The Steel that Sank the Titanic [4]
When you think of steel giants, the Titanic is one of the first to come to mind. It was an incredible feat of marine engineering for its time to build such a gigantic vessel, and her sinking on 15th of April 1912 was one of the most shocking events of the early 20th century.
But did you know that the quality of the steel used on the “unsinkable ship” would have contributed to the disaster?. According to a study conducted in 1998 and published in 2008 by Dr
She was constructed of thousands of one-inch thick mild steel plates and two million steel and wrought iron rivets. In the 21st century, ship plates are welded together using oxyacetylene torches, but this technology wasn’t available in Titanic’s time
Titanic’s “Brittle” Steel? [5]
Olympic and Titanic were built using Siemens-Martin formula steel plating throughout the shell and upper works. This type of steel was first used in the armed merchant cruisers, Teutonic and Majestic in 1889/90
Each plate was milled and rolled to exact tolerances and presented a huge material cost to both yard and ship owner. The steel was not a new type, as already stated, but shows that yard and owner only put material and equipment into these two giants that was tried and tested
The excellent properties of this steel and resistance to corrosion made it the natural choice for the new sisters.. Yard workers at the time referred to this steel as “battleship quality.” I had several conversations with retired shipbuilders at Harland and Wolff and they confirm this
Wikipedia [6]
|Fate||Struck an iceberg at 11:40 pm (ship’s time) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later on 15 April 1912|. |Installed power||24 double-ended and five single-ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers, and a low-pressure turbine for the centre propeller;[3] output: 46,000 HP|
Total: 3,327 (or 3,547 according to other sources)|. |Notes||Lifeboats: 20 (sufficient for 1,178 people)|
Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it the deadliest sinking of a single ship up to that time.[a] It remains the deadliest peacetime sinking of an ocean liner or cruise ship.[4] The disaster drew public attention, provided foundational material for the disaster film genre, and has inspired many artistic works.. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line
Steel of the Titanic [7]
The sinking of the Titanic on the 15th of April, 1912 was one of the most news breaking and shocking events of the early 20th century. At the time of construction, the Titanic was the largest ship ever built, and used revolutionary design and technology to give it an unsinkable status
One factor that we can accurately evaluate with today’s technology is the quality of steel that was used for the Titanic, and if any shortcuts were taken during construction that may have contributed to the disastrous event.. According to a study conducted in 1998 and published in 2008 by Dr
Using a recovered piece of steel from the ship’s hull and bulkhead that was larger than any others previously found, they were able to determine why the steel cracked on the hull.. After doing a series of impact tests based on their steel sample, the team was able to determine that the steel used to build the ship was much more inferior to modern steel
Why Did the Titanic Sink? (Scientific Reasons) [8]
Titanic was on its maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York, United States when it collided with a massive iceberg. Of the 2,200 passengers and crew that were aboard, only 705 survived
The ship’s builders even made claims that it should stay afloat for a minimum of 2-3 days if tragedy struck. So why did the Titanic sink? Was it the material failure or bigger design flaws that went unnoticed? Let us analyze why the Titanic sank from an engineer’s perspective.
At the time of her construction, the Titanic was the largest ship ever built. It was 230m long, 25 stories high, and weighed 46,000,000 kg
Flawed Steel Research Finds Steel Used In Titanic Was High In Sulfur And Prone To Fracturing At Temperatures Of Icy Seawater [9]
Flawed Steel Research Finds Steel Used In Titanic Was High In Sulfur And Prone To Fracturing At Temperatures Of Icy Seawater. As managing director and head of the design department of the British ship-building company Harland and Wolff, he oversaw the construction of the Titanic, then the world’s largest passenger ship, in 1912
on April 15, 1912, two hours and 40 minutes after hitting an iceberg, the Titanic sank, taking 1,517 men, women and children with it. The last anyone could recall, Andrews was sitting in the first-class smoking room, gazing off into space as if in total disbelief at what was happening.
Last month at a meeting of the Chesapeake Section of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers in Arlington, Va., a scientific report based on five years of research on the Titanic was presented. It gave new evidence that the steel used in the ship’s construction, as well as that used on other large ships of the day, was particularly high in sulfur.
From the drawing board to the sea: how and where was Titanic built? [10]
From the drawing board to the sea: how and where was Titanic built?. RMS Titanic would be the jewel in the crown of the White Star Line company, but its construction posed a colossal task for its builders…
Thousands had gathered at the port to wave off friends and family and catch a glimpse of the record-breaking vessel, then the biggest ship in the world. To the horror of onlookers, Titanic was almost immediately met with disaster: as the ship was pulled out of the dock by tugboats and began to get underway, water displacement caused the nearby SS City of New York to be drawn towards the new vessel
Developments in steamships allowed people to cross the oceans more quickly and safely than ever before. Soon, luxurious passenger ships were being built that attracted high-paying clientele, and companies tried to outdo each other with increasingly lavish vessels – no expense was spared.
History of RMS Titanic [11]
The Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Titanic was designed to be one of the greatest achievements of an era of prosperity, confidence, and propriety known as the Gilded Age. The transatlantic steamship business was intensely competitive as advances were made in ship design, size and speed
Bruce Ismay and Lord James Pirrie, chairman of White Star Line’s shipbuilder, Harland & Wolff, conceived of three magnificent steamships that would set a new standard for comfort, elegance, and safety. The first two were to be named Olympic and Titanic, the latter name chosen by Ismay to convey a sense of overwhelming size and strength
The Belfast shipyards of Harland & Wolff had to be redesigned to accommodate the immense projects, while White Star’s pier in New York City had to be lengthened to enable the ships to dock. During the two years it took to complete Titanic’s hull, publicity about the ship’s magnificence made Titanic a legend before its first cruise
Building the Titanic [12]
As the largest moveable man-man object of its day, Titanic construction took a little over two years to complete, involving thousands of men and a cost equivalent to over one hundred million in modern day terms. Built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, alongside sister ship Olympic, building Titanic did not go without problems
31 March 1909 – the date on which the keel was laid down and the construction of the Titanic commenced.. 3 months – the number of months after the keel of Olympic was laid down that Titanic’s keel was laid.
26 months – the length of time it took to build the RMS Titanic, from keel to launch.. At the US inquiry into the sinking, Bruce Ismay stated that the cost of building the Titanic was $7,500,000
How was Titanic built? [13]
The launch of Titanic in May 1911 was the peak of Belfast’s golden age of shipbuilding. Titanic was the largest man-made object ever to have taken to the seas.
Many jobs involved working with steel including welders, riveters, platers and plumbers. Carpenters worked with wood to design things like cabinets and staircases, while architects designed the ship in their offices.
Harland and Wolff had three of them – Hamilton, Alexandra and Thompson. Thompson Dock was the largest and was designed to accommodate Titanic
The History Press [14]
The Olympic–class liners represented a 50 percent increase in size over the Cunard vessels Lusitania and Mauretania, the largest and fastest liners in the world at that time. They were planned and designed by the shipyard’s principal architect, Alexander Carlisle, and intended to be the most luxurious vessels in the world
The order to begin construction was given on 17 September 1908.. Olympic’s keel was laid first, with Titanic’s following a number of months later
The cost for both ships was £3 million for the pair (£322 million in today’s money). Harland & Wolff’s usual arrangement with the White Star Line for ship construction was by their usual terms, ‘Cost plus 3 per cent’.
Titanic Construction & Design Information [15]
Titanic was purpose-built by White Star Shipping to be the pride of its fleet of commercial shipping liners to meet the demand of travel from Europe to the United States.. Many ships already offered passage across the Atlantic regularly
This location was selected due to the close allegiance between Belfast shipbuilders, Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line. An exclusive contract existed whereby White Star could only go to Harland’s to have their ships built, and Harland and Wolff would not build rival ships.
The shipyard chairman from 1895 was William Pirrie, later Viscount Pirrie of Belfast. These two men concocted the idea for the Olympic class liners to compete with their rivals, Cunard.
Titanic | History, Sinking, Rescue, Survivors, Movies, & Facts [16]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. Titanic, in full Royal Mail Ship (RMS) Titanic, British luxury passenger liner that sank on April 14–15, 1912, during its maiden voyage, en route to New York City from Southampton, England, killing about 1,500 (see Researcher’s Note: Titanic) passengers and ship personnel
In the early 1900s the transatlantic passenger trade was highly profitable and competitive, with ship lines vying to transport wealthy travelers and immigrants. By the summer of 1907, Cunard seemed poised to increase its share of the market with the debut of two new ships, the Lusitania and the Mauretania, which were scheduled to enter service later that year
Bruce Ismay reportedly met with William Pirrie, who controlled the Belfast shipbuilding firm Harland and Wolff, which constructed most of White Star’s vessels. The two men devised a plan to build a class of large liners that would be known for their comfort instead of their speed
NIST Reveals How Tiny Rivets Doomed a Titanic Vessel [17]
When the remains of RMS Titanic were discovered more than 3,800 meters (12,500 feet) beneath the surface of the North Atlantic in 1985, the story of the great liner once dubbed “unsinkable” by the press began moving from legend into scientific fact.. Numerous research investigations since that time have pieced together the details of what occurred on April 14-15, 1912, after Titanic struck an iceberg, broke in half and carried more than 1,500 people to their deaths
The suspected culprit was one of Titanic’s smallest components—the 3 million wrought iron rivets used to hold the hull sections together.. Foecke performed metallurgical and mechanical analyses on steel and rivet samples recovered from the Titanic debris field at the bottom of the ocean
The slag made the rivets less ductile and more brittle than they should have been when exposed to very cold temperatures—like those typically found in the icy seawater of the North Atlantic. This finding strongly suggested that Titanic’s collision with the iceberg caused the rivet heads to break off, popped the fasteners from their holes and allowed water to rush in between the separated hull plates.
Titanic by the Numbers: From Construction to Disaster to Discovery [18]
It took just two hours and 40 minutes for the “unsinkable” RMS Titanic to sink. The much-heralded ocean liner, on its glamorous five-day maiden voyage from Southampton, England to New York City, headed out across the Atlantic on April 10, 1912, counting among its passengers the wealthy and prominent as well as poor immigrants making their way to America.
Despite receiving several iceberg warnings on April 14, the Titanic’s captain, Edward Smith, continued to sail full-steam ahead. It was a deadly decision: Unable to avoid collision, the doomed ship, upon impact with the iceberg, was punctured, causing it to flood and sink off the coast of Newfoundland in less than three hours, taking along with it some 1,500 lives.
Cost to build: $7.5 million ($200 million with inflation). The White Star Line’s Titanic was built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland, starting in 1909, with construction taking three years
R.M.S Titanic – History and Significance [19]
History, Culture and Iconic Interests in the United States and Abroad. Titanic is perhaps the most famous shipwreck in our current popular culture
company in which famed American financier John Pierpont “JP” Morgan was a major stockholder. Titanic was built in Belfast, Northern Ireland by Harland & Wolff for transatlantic passage between Southampton, England and New York City
Titanic, launched on May 31, 1911, and set sail on its maiden voyage from Southampton on April 10, 1912, with 2,240 passengers and crew on board. On April 15, 1912, after striking an iceberg, Titanic broke apart and sank to the bottom of the ocean, taking with it the lives of more than 1,500 passengers and crew.
You know how it sank. How was the Titanic dreamed up? [20]
Titanic met its watery demise over a century ago, the myth of its catastrophic sinking looms large in the American psyche. How could a ship built by the finest engineers of the day, constructed to be “virtually unsinkable,” sink in a mere 2 hours 40 minutes? But sink it did, about 1,000 miles east of Boston after striking an iceberg
The story of how Titanic came to be and the dreams of its creators, make this calamity even more devastating. It all started with a dinner in London over Napoleon brandy and Cuban cigars.
Bruce Ismay, managing director of the British shipping company the White Star Line. White Star had amassed a fortune by ferrying emigrants to America as well as shuttling wealthy passengers across the Atlantic, but now there was growing competition
3 reasons why the Titanic will never be raised [21]
– The Titanic sank in 1912, and ever since people have wanted to salvage it.. – There are many reasons why the ship cannot be raised.
Since the Titanic sank in 1912, people have been imagining ways to raise it from the bottom of the seafloor.. “But it will never come out,” Daniel Stone wrote in “Sinkable: Obsession, the Deep Sea, and the Shipwreck of the Titanic.” “Not only is the exposed steel on the upper bow too brittle for even the most industrious crane operation, but the mud has also acted as deep-sea quicksand for longer than most humans have been alive.”
Approximately 1,500 people lost their lives in the sinking of the Titanic. After the ship sank, boats recovered over 300 bodies
Sources
- https://www.mechead.com/engineering-approach-titanic-sink/#:~:text=to%20the%20disaster.-,Material%20Failures,and%20at%20extremely%20high%20speeds.
- https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/12/971227000141.htm#:~:text=Impact%20tests%20conducted%20by%20Felkins,the%20Titanic%20struck%20the%20iceberg.
- https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/may/09/flawed-steel-research-finds-steel-used-in-titanic/#:~:text=This%20made%20the%20steel%20more,companies%20from%201900%20to%201933.
- https://www.shapecut.com.au/the-steel-that-sank-the-titanic-2/
- https://titanichistoricalsociety.org/titanics-brittle-steel/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic
- https://capitalsteel.net/blog/steel-of-the-titanic
- https://www.simscale.com/blog/why-did-titanic-sink-engineer/
- https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/may/09/flawed-steel-research-finds-steel-used-in-titanic/
- https://www.historyextra.com/period/edwardian/where-how-titanic-ship-build-white-star-line-belfast/
- https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/underwater-archaeology/rms-titanic/history-of-rms-titanic/
- https://titanicfacts.net/building-the-titanic/
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zhnkjhv/articles/zfcdqhv
- https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/titanic/building-titanic/
- https://ultimatetitanic.com/titanic-construction/
- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic
- https://www.nist.gov/nist-time-capsule/nist-beneath-waves/nist-reveals-how-tiny-rivets-doomed-titanic-vessel
- https://www.history.com/news/titanic-facts-construction-passengers-sinking-discovery
- https://www.noaa.gov/gc-international-section/rms-titanic-history-and-significance
- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/making-titanic-belfast-ship-unsinkable
- https://www.businessinsider.com/can-the-titanic-be-raised-reasons-why-not-2023-6
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